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Museo Getty devuelve a Italia tesoros artísticos ilegales
El Museo Getty de Malibú le devolvió al Estado italiano tres valiosos objetos arqueológicos, poco antes del inicio de un proceso en Roma por contrabando de arte y excavaciones robadas.

Foto: A Carabinieri paramilitary police officer points to a detail on a 2,300-year-old krater, decorated by the ancient Greek painter Asteas, during a press conference to display three antiquities that were recently returned to Italy, in Rome, Friday, Nov. 11, 2005. Italy's culture minister Rocco Buttiglione said Friday he has invited the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Philippe de Montebello, to come to Rome and meet with his experts in connection with Italy's stepped-up efforts to recover precious artifacts from top U.S. museums it says were stolen. The krater, dating back to 340 B.C., is one of three ancient objects that were returned from the J. Paul Getty Museum in California. (AP Photo/Beatrice Larco)
Los tesoros artísticos son una jarra del pintor griego de jarrones Asteas, del año 340 antes de Cristo, hallado en la Campania; una piedra sepulcral del siglo 6 a.C. encontrada en Sicilia y un portavelas de bronce etrusco.

Foto: A Carabinieri paramilitary police officer looks at a funeral stone, dating to the 6th century B.C., during a press conference to display three antiquities that were recently returned to Italy, in Rome, Friday, Nov. 11, 2005. Italy's culture minister Rocco Buttiglione said Friday he has invited the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Philippe de Montebello, to come to Rome and meet with his experts in connection with Italy's stepped-up efforts to recover precious artifacts from top U.S. museums it says were stolen. The krater, dating back to 340 B.C., is one of three ancient objects that were returned from the J. Paul Getty Museum in California. On the screen in the background at top is the video made Thursday Nov. 10, 2005 by Italian Carabinieri of the arrival of the antiquities at Rome's Fiumicino airport. (AP Photo/Beatrice Larco)
Dado que en el ínterim el museo se enteró de que las piezas fueron vendidas ilegalmente por marchantes a Estados Unidos, decidió devolvérselas espontáneamente a Italia, informaron hoy medios locales.
La semana próxima comenzará en el tribunal penal de Roma un proceso contra la ex curadora del Museo Getty, Marion True, en Los Angeles.

Foto: A Carabinieri paramilitary police officer holds a bronze candelabrum, dating back to the 5th century B.C., during a press conference to display three antiquities that were recently returned to Italy by the J.Paul Getty Museum in California, in Rome, Friday, Nov. 11, 2005. Italy's culture minister Rocco Buttiglione said Friday he has invited the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Philippe de Montebello, to come to Rome and meet with his experts in connection with Italy's stepped-up efforts to recover precious artifacts from top U.S. museums it says were stolen. The bronze candelabrum is one of three ancient objects that were returned Thursday, Nov. 10, 2005 from the J. Paul Getty Museum in California. (AP Photo/Beatrice Larco)
True es acusada de haber adquirido más de 40 obras de arte antiguas por unos 20 millones de dólares en las décadas del 80 y 90, pese a saber que provenían de excavaciones robadas del sur de Italia. Además es acusado el comerciante suizo de objetos de arte Emanuel Robert Hecht, quien habría mediado para las compras del museo.
En 1999, el museo californiano le había devuelto voluntariamente cinco tesoros artísticos a Italia.
Fuente: Dpa / La Segunda.com, 10 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.lasegunda.com/ediciononline/espectaculos/detalle/index.asp?idnoticia=248703
(2) Italia acrecienta esfuerzos por recuperar antigüedades robadas
ROMA - El gobierno italiano ha emprendido una serie de acciones para recuperar antigüedades robabas que, según dice, están en museos de Estados Unidos.
El ministro de cultura dijo el viernes que ha invitado al director del Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York a visitar Roma y a reunirse con expertos para continuar con las indagaciones.
"Una cifra creciente de museos estadounidenses comienza a advertir que el antiguo sistema no funciona más", dijo Rocco Buttiglione a periodistas durante la presentación de tres objetos devueltos recientemente por el Museo J. Paul Getty de California. "Italia no es un país abierto al saqueo".
Buttiglione no divulgó detalles de la reunión con el director del Museo Metropolitano de Arte, Philippe de Montebello, y se negó a decir cuándo ocurrirá.
También se negó a comentar versiones periodísticas de que varios famosos museos estadounidenses poseen antigüedades robadas de Italia.
Los comentarios de Buttiglione fueron formulados algunos días antes de la reanudación de un proceso, en Roma, a Marion True, ex curadora del Getty, acusada de recibir antigüedades robadas, y al comerciante de Robert Hecht. Ambos se declararon inocentes.
El proceso comenzó en julio, pero fue postergado hasta el 16 de noviembre.
Fuente: Associated Press / El Nuevo Herald, 11 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/13143090.htm
(3) Fundación Getty investiga reclamos contra su museo
Un comité investigará quejas sobre compra de arte saqueado y despilfarro de fondos

Foto: Marion True ha rechazado cargos de haber adquirido piezas robadas. (AP)
La Fundación J. Paul Getty investigará reclamos de que su reconocido museo adquirió arte saqueado y que su director ejecutivo despilfarró fondos no gravables.
El comité de la fundación anunció que incluirá a cinco miembros de la junta, mas no al presidente de la fundación, Barry Munitz, quien prometió "su completo apoyo en el esfuerzo", dijo Getty en un comunicado.
El comité especial examinará las políticas y procedimientos de la organización y dará sus recomendaciones a la junta.
La fundación de 9,000 millones de dólares y su museo J. Paul Getty están siendo investigados luego que los gobiernos de Grecia e Italia reclamaran que el museo compró obras de arte antiguas que habían sido sacadas clandestinamente de esos países. El museo ha negado haber obrado mal, pero en 1999 devolvió tres piezas a Italia, incluyendo una copa del siglo V A.C.
La creación del comité refleja un compromiso para cumplir con "todos los requisitos legales, así como con los más altos estándares éticos mientras llevamos a cabo la misión de la fundación", dijo en un comunicado John Biggs, presidente de la junta del fondo y jefe del nuevo comité.
El mes próximo se reanuda en Roma un juicio a la ex curadora de antiguedades del museo, Marion True, acusada de ayudar a adquirir unos 40 tesoros arqueológicos robados de colecciones privadas o desenterrados ilícitamente. True ha rechazado los cargos.
A principios de octubre, la curadora renunció a su cargo luego que funcionarios del museo determinaron que violó su política al no reportar los detalles de la compra de una casa vacacional en una isla griega. True habría obtenido un préstamo de 400 mil dólares para la casa con la ayuda de uno de los principales proveedores de arte antiguo de Getty.
Entretanto, la fiscalía general de California está investigando las prácticas financieras de la fundación sin fines de lucro.
El diario Los Angeles Times ha reportado que Munitz viajó por todas partes en primera clase —a veces con su esposa— a costas del Getty. El fondo también habría gastado 72 mil dólares en una camioneta Porsche Cayenne para Munitz, mientras despedía personal y recortaba otros gastos.
La ley estatal y federal prohíbe a organizaciones no lucrativas usar sus recursos para beneficio personal.
Fuente: La Opinión Digital, 6 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.laopinion.com/entretenimiento/arte_y_cultura/?rkey=00051103125719759724
(4) El juicio del Getty en Italia se convierte en un «aviso» a otros museos que toleran el expolio
Además, Italia reclama al Getty 42 de las 100 «obras maestras de la Antigüedad» en un tribunal de Los Ángeles con ayuda del Servicio de Aduanas norteamericano.
ROMA. El «juicio ejemplar» que sienta juntos en el banquillo a la ex conservadora del Getty y a un traficante de arte robado provoca ya escalofríos a los ocho grandes museos a los que Italia reclama un centenar de obras de arte de sus colecciones griegas, etruscas y romanas.
El primer proceso internacional contra compradores y traficantes, iniciado el miércoles en Roma, ha convencido al Metropolitan Museum de Nueva York de que es preferible negociar sobre las siete piezas arqueológicas en litigio, que incluyen el Vaso de Eufronios y el tesoro de Morgantina. Su director, Philippe de Montebello, acudirá la próxima semana a Roma para entrevistarse con las autoridades italianas.
La conservadora del Getty, Marion True, dimitió de su cargo hace un mes cuando era ya inevitable su comparecencia ante el Tribunal de Roma junto con el traficante suizo Robert Hecht, quien le proporcionó docenas de piezas saqueadas en yacimientos etruscos de Toscana y yacimientos griegos de Campania, Calabria y Sicilia, la antigua Magna Grecia. El proceso durara ocho meses y creará jurisprudencia aplicable a casos similares.
Italia reclama al Getty 42 de las 100 piezas incluidas en su catálogo como «obras maestras de la Antigüedad». Las acciones jurídicas contra el museo se están llevando a cabo ante un tribunal de Los Ángeles con ayuda del Servicio de Aduanas norteamericano. El proceso de Roma es contra Marion True, una institución en el mundo museístico norteamericano por haber sido conservadora del de la Universidad de Harvard y del Museum of Fine Arts de Boston antes de pasar al Getty, para el que realizó compras de dudosa legitimidad por mas de 20 millones de dólares.
Sus abogados intentaron en vano excluir del Tribunal al juez Guglielmo Muntoni, quien condenó en marzo a diez años de cárcel a Giacomo Medici, un traficante italiano que reexpedía desde su almacén en Suiza las piezas adquiridas a los saqueadores. Los millares de fotografías y documentos intervenidos en el almacén de Medici en 1995 son las pruebas del Gobierno italiano contra los ocho museos a los que pide las restituciones.
Como primer intento de calmar las aguas, el Museo Getty de Malibú, instalado en la réplica de una villa romana, devolvió a Italia seis piezas de su colección más antigua en 1999. La pasada semana envió, también «voluntariamente», otras tres piezas, incluido el magnífico Vaso de Asteas, ejecutado y firmado por el famoso pintor en la ciudad italiana de Paestum, la Poseidonia griega, en el siglo IV antes de Cristo.
El abogado defensor afirma que Marion True «se ha limitado a sugerir al Getty, en absoluta buena fe, la compra de obras de arte de cuya legítima procedencia no albergaba dudas». Al fiscal Pier Giorgio Ferri casi le dio la risa, pues «tenemos literalmente cajas enteras de documentos que ofrecen pruebas aplastantes. Los museos tienen que dejar de saquear el patrimonio cultural, pues han causado un daño a Italia y a toda la humanidad».
Las pruebas incluyen cartas del traficante Robert Hecht, hoy compañero de banquillo, como la que acompañaba, en octubre de 1986, la fotografía de una espléndida cabeza: «Querida Marion, espero tener ya esto cuando recibas la carta. Encontrado cerca de Cuma. ¡A lo mejor es Turnus! No es griego-griego, no es etrusco, pero es fabuloso. Altura 23,5 centímetros. Magnifica patina. 275.000 dólares. Sinceramente, Bob».
Todavía más comprometedora es la carta que True escribió al traficante Giacomo de Medici en enero del 2002: «Gracias por tu carta del 30 de diciembre. (...) Saber que los vasos (del siglo VI a. de C.) provienen de Cerveteri y del área de Monte Abatone ha sido muy útil para la investigación de una persona de nuestro equipo. (...) Estaré en Roma del 19 al 23 de febrero y del 8 al 12 de marzo. Espero encontrarte para discutir las próximas adquisiciones...». A diferencia de los documentos de Suiza, estas cartas vienen de Norteamérica y desataron ya el nerviosismo cuando las publicó «Los Angeles Times». Ahora forman parte del sumario.
Fuente: JUAN VICENTE BOO / ABC, 18 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.abc.es/abc/pg051118/prensa/noticias/Cultura/Arte/200511/18/NAC-CUL-128.asp
(5) Italia pedirá explicaciones a Museo Metropolitano de Nueva York por piezas greco-romanas de dudosa procedencia
El Metropolitan Museum de Nueva York deberá explicar el origen de decenas de obras de arte antiguas de la colección greco- romana del museo.
El director del Met, Philippe de Montebello, se reunirá mañana con representantes del Ministerio de Cultura italiano, aseguró hoy el diario The New York Times.
En esa conversación, que tendrá lugar en Roma, Montebello explicará cómo obtuvo el museo valiosos jarrones, ánforas y fuentes antiguos así como piezas de plata de la Roma antigua.
Según el periódico, Italia reunió suficiente material de prueba para demostrar que muchas de estas obras provienen de excavaciones no autorizadas y que llegaron a Estados Unidos por vías ilegales.
Desde la semana pasada, en Roma se está celebrando un espectacular juicio contra la ex curadora del Getty Marion True. La fiscalía del Estado acusa a True, de 57 años, de haber comprado en los 80 y 90 más de 40 objetos de arte antiguo por unos 20 millones de dólares, a pesar de que sabía que provenían de excavaciones ilegales en el sur de Italia.
El Museo Metropolitano de Nueva York se negó a hacer declaraciones antes de la reunión en Roma. También la curadora del Met Shelby White, que junto con su marido Leon Levy, ya fallecido, adquirió algunas de las piezas controvertidas y las prestó o regaló al museo, se negó a hacer comentarios.
Las autoridades italianas ya habían iniciado hace diez años las investigaciones. En aquel entonces, la policía halló casi dos mil piezas arqueológicas así como cuatro mil fotos Polaroid de jarrones, ánforas y esculturas de excavaciones ilegales en la sede ginebrina del marchante italiano Giacomo Medici. En las imágenes, se veían, entre otras cosas, piezas del Met.
El museo hasta ahora había rechazado el material de prueba de los italianos como insuficiente. Una excepción son 15 piezas de plata de Morgantino, en Sicilia.
Según el New York Times, el Metropolitan está dispuesto a devolver la mitad de las piezas, si puede quedarse la otra mitad en calidad de préstamo durante 25 años.
Fuente: DPA / La Tercera, 21 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.tercera.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,3255_5700_172407391,00.html
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(6) Adhirió a la ofensiva de Italia contra museos de EE.UU. Grecia declaró guerra por su arte saqueado
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Jarrón del pintor Asteas (siglo IV a.C.), que el museo Paul Getty de Los Angeles se vio obligado a devolverle a Italia. |
Los Angeles (AFP y La Vanguardia) - El gobierno griego se sumó al italiano en la batalla que emprendió este último contra el saqueo clandestino de sus tesoros artísticos de la antigüedad. Ayer, en esta ciudad, el Museo Paul Getty mostró su decepción por la decisión de Grecia de iniciar un proceso judicial para recuperar cuatro antigüedades que se encuentran en la famosa institución.
El Museo Getty «está decepcionado de que el gobierno griego inició una acción legal cuando el Getty demostró su buena voluntad de considerar la evidencia que el gobierno griego posee y discutir este asunto de buena fe», indicó ayer un comunicado de la Institución. Tres días atrás, Grecia inició una acción judicial contra el Museo Getty para recuperar cuatro antigüedades que salieron ilegalmente del país, indicó el ministerio de Cultura en un comunicado.
El secretario de Cultura, Pétros Tatoulis, dijo haber dado «claras instrucciones para que el proceso de reivindicación de cuatro antigüedades comience por la vía judicial», indicó el texto, que no detalló ni los objetos ni el procedimiento legal. El famoso Museo, fundado por el magnate del petróleo J. Paul Getty, admitió en setiembre pasado que unas 82 piezas de su colección de miles de objetos fueron adquiridas a través de vendedores de dudosa reputación. El diario «Los Angeles Times» estableció que 54 de los 82 objetos declarados robados formaban parte de las 104 antigüedades clasificadas como «obras maestras» por la entidad. Muchas de ellas habían sido adquiridas mediante vendedores sospechosos de formar parte de una red ilegal de venta de objetos antiguos, investigada por el gobierno italiano.
Italia decidió presentar batalla al saqueo clandestino de sus yacimientos arqueológicos, y optó por una estrategia dirigida a disuadir a los grandes museos internacionales que, siempre a la caza de buenas piezas, podrían caer en la tentación del comercio ilícito. La estrategia: perseguir al comprador final.
El pasado miércoles 16 comenzó en Roma el juicio penal contra Marion True, ex curadora del Museo Getty de Los Angeles, y contra el intermediario suizo Emanuel Robert Hecht, acusados de asociación para delinquir, tráfico de bienes robados e importación clandestina. El Estado italiano se ha presentado como parte civil en un proceso que, si los imputados resultan condenados, sentará un precedente que hará temblar a otros museos con adquisiciones recientes de carácter dudoso.
Marion True, de 57 años, doctora en Arte por la Universidad de Harvard y curadora de antigüedades del Getty de 1986 hasta el 1 de octubre, fecha en que renunció,está acusada de adquirir para el museo a sabiendas 42 piezas romanas, griegas y etruscas expoliadas en Italia.
True, que ahora vive en Francia, se presentó en Roma el día del inicio del proceso a proclamar su inocencia. La defiende el Getty, que en enero inaugurará el proyecto al que True ha dedicado quince años de esfuerzos, la Villa Getty de Malibú, remodelada a imagen y semejanza de la Villa de los Papiros de Herculano.
Como muestra de buena voluntad y sin admitir culpa, el Museo Getty devolvió el pasado 10 de noviembre a Italia tres de las piezas en conflicto, que se exponían en la sucursal de Malibú: un jarrón del pintor griego Asteas (siglo IV a.C.) esquilmado en Campania; una estela funeraria del siglo VI a.C. escamoteada de la colonia griega de Selinunte, en Sicilia; y un candelabro etrusco. Ya en 1999, el Getty restituyó otras cinco piezas, entre ellas un vaso de Eufronios del siglo VI a.C. -que ahora se exhibe en el Museo Etrusco de Roma-, al demostrar Italia su procedencia.
Eufórico por el logro, el ministro de Cultura italiano, Rocco Buttiglione, aseguró que Italia está dispuesta a ampliar de los cuatro años actuales a ocho, e incluso a diez, sus préstamos de obras de arte a museos internacionales. «Pero nos mantendremos firmes en un punto: lo que es del pueblo italiano, debe volver al pueblo italiano -dijo-. Los estadounidenses deben saber que los robos de bienes culturales suelen estar conectados con el crimen organizado, y que el tráfico ilícito de obras de arte es una de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo internacional.»
El pánico también cunde en otro museo estadounidense. El director del Metropolitan Museum de Nueva York, Philippe de Montebello, debió entrevistará en Roma con técnicos del Ministerio de Cultura sobre 22 objetos del Met que, según fuentes italianas, proceden del saqueo. El más importante es otro vaso de Eufronios, adquirido en 1972 también a través del marchante Hecht.
Fuente: Ambitoweb, 15 de noviembre de 2005
Enlace: http://www.ambitoweb.com/diario/espectaculos/noticia_es.asp?ID=251022&Seccion=Espect%C3%A1culos |
Suzan Mazur: Sotheby's & The Signed Euphronios
Thursday, 1 December 2005, 2:12 pm Article: Suzan Mazur |
The Medici Go-Round: Sotheby's & The Signed Euphronios
  
Click images for big versions L-R: Bob Hecht/Connoisseur - Sarpedon/Sotheby's - Giacomo Medici
Sotheby's-Hunt Auction, June 19, 1990 -- Conditions of Sale: (sale code for auction: "Sarpedon" 6042)
"On the fall of the auctioneer's hammer, title to the offered lot will pass to the highest bidder acknowledged by the auctioneer, subject to fulfillment by such bidder of all the conditions set forth herein, and such bidder thereupon (a) assumes full risks and responsibility therefor, and (b) will pay the full purchase price therefor or such part as we may require . . . At our option, payment will not be deemed to have been made in full until we have collected good funds represented by checks, or, in the case of bank or cashier's checks, we have confirmed their authenticity."
Proceedings resume December 5 in the trial of the dean of ancient art dealers -- Bob Hecht -- and former Getty museum antiquities curator Marion True. Will Sotheby's be called to answer questions about some of the items listed by Italian prosecutors as looted from Italy -- particularly the Euphronios pieces?
The priceless Euphronios cup -- painted with the image of the fallen Trojan war hero Sarpedon -- is the earliest known work painted by the Athenian master, last seen intact publicly in New York in 1990 on the Sotheby's block as lot #6 selling for $742,000 and going to a "European buyer".
Sotheby's press spokesman Matthew Weigman responded defensively and somewhat sarcastically when I called to inquire if Sotheby's was involved in the Rome trial, saying, "No, are you?"
I considered it a relevant question, since the "European buyer" for the cup last week identified himself to the press in Italy as Giacomo Medici, a man convicted of antiquities smuggling and now appealing a 10-year sentence. Medici was named in Bob Hecht's memoirs seized by police in Paris, as the person who originally supplied the cup to Hecht, meaning it has come full circle and with the loveliest pedigree.
Medici denies he sold it to Hecht. But Italian tomb robbers have backed up Hecht's claim that the pieces were looted from a necropolis near Rome. And that Medici was involved with Hecht.
The Euphronios cup turned up in a 1997 police raid of several of Medici's warehouses in Geneva, the very one sold by Sotheby's at an auction held for Nelson Bunker Hunt, June 1990.
In retrospect, the Sotheby's-Hunt auction, which I covered for The Economist, was far more controversial than reported at the time.
According to Weigman, Sotheby's made a "collective decision" to hold the auction. He and current antiquities expert Richard Keresey are part of the original team from that time still working for Sotheby's.
Sotheby's former chairman, Alfred Taubman and Diana Brooks, then in top management and later CEO, were sentenced for price fixing in 2002 to a year in jail, and six months home detention, respectively.
Weigman told me that there never was a report to the public after Sotheby's conducted it's internal investigation a few years ago following British author Peter Watson's damning book, Sotheby's: The Inside Story: Books: Peter Watson about how ancient art makes its way to the auction block.
But in light of developments surrounding the Hecht-True trial, that might not be a bad idea, as it now looks as if Sotheby's may have been a conduit for stolen antiquities once again in its handling of signed Euphronioses -- there was also a fragmentary Euphronios vase that sold for $1.7 million --and other "highly important vases".
Should Sotheby's have realized that putting up for auction not one but two signed Euphronios pieces in the gee whiz way it did in 1990 would come back to haunt? Weigman, keeper of the gate, now says the auction house will not comment about specifics surrounding the Hunt sale.
Are the Hunts excused? Bunker and brother Herbert were also ill-advised about the silver market and had to answer for it. But with the "highly important vases" now out of Bunker Hunt's hands, he says he won't answer questions either about his antiquities purchases from dealer Bruce McNall.
McNall later went to jail for overvaluing ancient coins. McNall also sold the Hunts their Athena decadrachm which went for $572,000 in the Sotheby's auction -- probably since returned to Turkey.
Medici, the man who placed the winning bid on the Euphronios cup was at the heart of an antiquities smuggling scandal that began to rock Sotheby's London in the mid 1980s, a controversy first exposed by Peter Watson in the London O bserver in 1985 and detailed in his above-mentioned book.
The scandal resulted in a major court case with Sotheby's London employees resigning, one going to jail and one suicide. Alfred Taubman was at the reins as chairman of Sotheby's beginning in 1983 through the 1990s.
Last week, Medici also told the Italian press that he was able to buy the elusive Euphronios wine cup (kylix) at Sotheby's because he was not known at the time.
Not known to whom? To Sotheby's? That seems impossible considering the facts that follow (see chronology below).
That Euphronios cup, circa 520bc, is the same one the Italian government claims was looted from an Etruscan tomb near Rome in 1971, along with the complete Euphronios vase (calyx krater) purchased by the Metropolitan Museum in 1972, which the Met has now agreed to return to Italy if Italy can provide "incontrovertible proof" it's theirs.
The cup is painted with a similar theme as the Met's vase, the death of the Lycian prince Sarpedon, son of Zeus. It was shattered during the police raid on Medici's warehouses in Geneva in 1997, as reported by Bloomberg last week. Even so, Medici claims the masterpiece is worth $5million today.

Vernon Silver, covering the antiquities trial for Bloomberg in Rome, sent an email with Medici's remarks after I'd emailed him my stories. [See Scoop.co.nz - Euphronios Ancient Art In Court The Provenance Of Bob Hecht]
Silver: "He [Medici] said he was bidding in plain view, but that nobody knew who he was. (Next highest bid was Levy.) And Medici says he got a call a week or two later from Sotheby's saying that the Met wanted to get the kylix from him in a private sale, which he turned down."
Again, Medici was named by dealer Bob Hecht in Hecht's memoirs seized by authorities in Paris in 2001 as the one he acquired the cup from for $25,000 in the early 1970s, although Hecht is now denying what he wrote. Hecht then offered the cup to the Metropolitan Museum in 1973 for $70,000; Met director Tom Hoving said no.
But Medici's Sotheby's antiquities purchases apparently did not stop with the Euphronios cup. Among the items seized at his various warehouses in the Geneva freeport in January 1997 [See… Medici's Reply to "Geneva Seizure" (translation)], were several "highly important vases" from the same Hunt auction, as well as about 10,000 other antiquities:
Attic Red-figure Stamnos (circa 480bc)
Attic Red-figure Kylix (circa 490-480bc)
Mark Rose, Executive Editor at Archaeology magazine, reminded me in an email about comments made in Medici's defense by New York dealer Fred Schultz. The magazine published Shultz's letter following its coverage of the raid of Medici's warehouses. Schultz recently spent a couple of years in jail for receiving stolen antiquities.
Said Schultz: "Instead of proving that Mr. Medici is the secret smuggling connection from Italy, however, your website proved exactly the opposite, and proved it beyond a shadow of a doubt. With the exception of the Ostia column capitals, every object of possible Italian provenience comes from a bona fide old collection." [See…http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/geneva/schultz.html].
Sotheby's author Peter Watson noted some objects seized at Medici's warehouse carried the Sotheby's label and "no other type". Watson wrote: "Medici may have bought these objects at Sotheby's, or he may have, as the Italian police believe, bought back his own objects, laundering them in the process, to show they had been through a reputable auction house."
So many pieces of the puzzle are now coming together that it may be helpful to establish a timeline.
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The Chronology:
Early 1950s - Bob Hecht enters into a partnership with Romanian coin-expert Vladimir Steffanelli after WW II and Steffanelli's release from a Nazi concentration camp. Their New York-based company, Hesperia Arts, is kept going even though Hecht moves to Rome. Steffanelli becomes a coin curator at the Smithsonian.
1956 - Future Metropolitan Museum director Tom Hoving meets Bob Hecht while livng in Rome. Hecht had been attending the Amercian Academy there but left after "threatening a colleague" for making a pass at his wife, Elizabeth, according to Hoving. New York Times reporter John Hess in his book Grand Acquisitors also notes Hecht's bullying as an undergrad at Haverford College -- a Quaker school -- saying Hecht was feared. Hecht attempted to punch me, as well, following a story I wrote for The Economist mentioning him in relation to the 1990 Sotheby's-Hunt auction.
1971 - December 1971 - tomb at Cerverteri broken into. According to Hoving, Hecht buys contents. Probably brokered by Medici.
Tom Hoving: "The Etruscan tomb near San Antonio de Cerveteri filled with Greek treasures, including the Euphronios cup, the complete Euphronios krater, a sphinx and a lion, was discovered in December 1971 and the contents bought by Hecht. The krater was restored by Buerki starting around January 1972."
1972 - February 1972 Hecht writes to von Bothmer about a complete Euphronios vase for sale with a compelling scene from Homer's Iliad, the death of Sarpedon, the Lycian prince and son of Zeus. The letter was preceded by Elizabeth Hecht, Bob Hecht's wife, calling Hoving at the Met in September 1971 about another Euphronios - a fragmentary vase belonging to Armenian dealer Dikran Sarrafian. Hecht follows up on details with Hoving. Hoving flies to Zurich in June 1972 to see the complete vase. Sarrafian and his wife are killed in a suspicious car accident in 1977.
1972 - Met purchase of the complete Euphronios vase is finalized. Storm follows. Met Ancient Near East expert Oscar White Muscarella opposes sale and is fired from the Met - takes battle to Met Board of Trustees and to court (seven-year court case); Muscarella is reinstated at the Met with less prestigious title.
Nicholas Gage, the mafia-beat reporter for the NYT, tracks down Hecht in Rome and a man named Armando Cenere, a mason by profession, who claims he was the original tomb robber of the Euphronios pieces at Cerveteri and that the job took a week. Hecht denies all.
1973 - Hecht attempts to sell Euphronios cup to Hoving at the Met. Hoving declines.
Early 70s - Press surrounding Euphronios sale causes Hecht to move to Paris. He also operates out of New York - a gallery called Atlantis Antiquities on Manhattan's Upper East Side.
Mid 70s - Tom Hoving: "In the mid-1970s, Bruce McNall was Bob Hecht's secret U.S. partner. Hecht introduced me to McNall as such. Together in my office at the Met they both boasted to me of their partnership."
Hecht sells various Greek vases to McNall, which McNall then sells to Bunker Hunt. Among them the signed Euphronios pieces. McNall also sells the Hunt brothers a collection of important ancient coins, including the celebrated Athena. In the 1990s McNall is convicted for overvaluing ancient coins.
Mid 1970s - Italian government is unsuccessful in pursuing a case against Bob Hecht re the Euphronios, involving Hoving and Met Greek and Roman curator Dietrich "the Prussian" von Bothmer. New York grand jury says not enough for an indictment.
1983 - McNall interests the Kimball Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas in arranging an exhibition of the Hunt brothers' collection of ancient art. The show: "Wealth of the Ancient World" produced a catalogue with photos and descriptions by various curators and scholars. Most prominent is Dietrich von Bothmer ("There is no souce to a cup, a cup is a cup."), but also the controversial Jiri Frel, a former antiquities curator at the Getty. Von Bothmer ends his essay, "The Vases of Nelson Bunker Hunt," saying:
"Nelson Bunker Hunt has demonstrated in the few years he took up collecting in earnest that the tree is strong and healthy. The many masterpieces that he has acquired are proof of a discriminating eye, and the spread of his collection -- from Corinthian black figure to South Italian red-figure -- is evidence of a broad outlook. No collection, of course, is ever "complete," and one of the greatest attractions of collecting vases is perhaps the chance of constantly adding to it. Some of the vases here described and now exhibited were acquired even while this introduction was being written, which I take to be an auspicious mark of the true collector."
1983 - Alfred Taubman takes over as Chairman at Sotheby's. He goes to jail in 2002 for price fixing. Sotheby's manager and later CEO, Dede Brooks, gets six months home detention.
1983-85 - Christian Boursaud the front for Medici, consigns for sale to Sotheby's London 248 pieces worth 640,000 British pounds.
1985 - Peter Watson writes an expose for the London Observer about Sotheby's London and the smuggling of antiquities from Italy.
1985 - July 3 - von Bothmer letter to Sotheby's London antiquities expert Felicity Nicholson about Christian Boursaud and Serge Vilbert (fronts for Giacomo Medici). What are the chances von Bothmer also wrote to Sotheby's New York?
Von Bothmer tells Nicholson that an Attic black-figured amphora Sotheby's was offering at auction had been looted from a tomb near Rome, north of Civatavecchia, and sold to a dealer for 4 million lire. "This may get you or your would be purchaser in trouble should the Italian authorities read your catalogue and make the same identification."
Sotheby's antiquities people investigate and withdraw the piece from sale, noting the piece had been consigned by a company called Christian Boursaud - largely a front for Medici -- along with over 100 other unprovenanced pieces.
James Hodges, Sotheby's cataloguer who later blew the whistle on the auction house's smuggling activities knew of Medici's role at Boursaud. Sotheby's antiquities chief Felicity Nicholson admitted in court "Giacomo Medici was the force behind" Christian Boursaud which by 1986 had morphed into a company called Editions Services.
Author Peter Watson went to Italy and interviewed the tomb robber who said Medici "used to visit him on a small motor scooter" but now drove a big car and and that he was now worth millions. The tomb robber Luigi Perticarari confessed while Watson's tape recorder was running.
March 1986 - Boursaud closes his business, citing health reasons, and sends a letter to Sotheby's London antiquities chief Felicity Nicholson advising her not to sell any more pieces for him.
March 1986 - Nicholson returns Boursaud's letter telling him she knows he'd been "acting as agent for the owner" -- the owner being Giacomo Medici. The revelation about Medici was the result of Nicholson's conversations with James Hodges, then administrative head of Sotheby's London antiquities and tribal arts.
Hodges leaves Sotheby's in 1989 after he was visited and threatened by men associated with Boursaud, Vilbert and Medici. He spills the beans to authorities and to author Peter Watson about the smuggling ring. He was later convicted as part of the conspiracy and spent five months in jail.
According to the Dutch website SECUMA on museum security, during the trial Hodges claimed that three months before leaving Sotheby's he'd also told Lord Gowrie, then-chairman of Sotheby's London, of his concern over the auction house's involvement with the smugglers.
March 1986 - Following Boursaud-Nicholson letter exchange, Hodges and Nicholson believe Medici is point man behind Boursaud
December 1986 - Medici begins using same inventory as Christian Boursaud, operating as Editions Services s.a. based in Geneva.
Through the years - Hecht and Medici take Polaroids of themselves at various museums in front of pieces they've handled, which Italian prosecutors are now using as evidence in the antiquities trial that resumes December 5, 2005 in Rome.
1990 - The Hunt brothers are faced with paying off creditors as a result of their failed attempt to corner the silver market. They arrange an auction at Sotheby's New York. At the time Alfed Taubman is chairman, DeDe Brooks is top management and later becomes CEO. Dick Keresey is the expert in charge of antiquities. (Keresey and Sotheby spokesman Matthew Weigman still in same positions at Sotheby's in 2005).
June 19, 1990 - The Sotheby's New York auction of Nelson Bunker Hunt's "highly important Greek vases" - the first time Sotheby's handles pieces signed by an ancient artist. Several of these go to Giacomo Medici (now appealing a conviction for antiquities trafficking). Among the pieces he says he bought are the earliest known Euphronios, a wine cup now in pieces in a cardboard box in the Villa Giulia museum in Rome. Three other vases from the Hunt collection are part of the hoard seized at his warehouses in Geneva.
1991 - Sotheby's London antiquities director Felicity Nicholson admits in court that Medici is behind Editions Services, a company holding much of the inventory previously held by Christian Boursaud.
1995 - Sotheby's and Christie's hatch price-fixing scheme.
January 1997 - Police with cross-border search warrants break into Medici's warehouses in Geneva seizing 10,000 antiquities. Among them various pieces from the Hunt auction, several with Sotheby's labels. . 1997 - The Sotheby's London antiquities scandal continues through 1997. Sotheby's does not release details of its internal Investigation which followed Peter Watson's book.
2001 - Bob Hecht's Paris apartment is raided by police and his memoirs seized. In them Hecht says he purchased the Euphronios wine cup and complete vase in 1971 from an Italian dealer, Giacomo Medici.
Hecht writes: "Medici became prosperous selling mainly to me." (Los Angeles Times 10/28/5)
2002 - Sotheby's Chairman Alfred Taubman imprisoned, age 78, for one year for price fixing; Guardian notes he's been described as an "out-of-touch" executive who would fall asleep in board meetings. Sotheby's CEO Dede Brooks, did not agree with this description of Taubman; she gets six-months' home detention.
2004 - Medici convicted in Rome of trafficking in looted art. Now appealing a 10-year sentence.
2005 - Former Getty museum antiquities curator Marion True gives deposition for her upcoming trial in Rome; she and dealer Bob Hecht are |